![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.panlectic.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Rousseau2.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman onun ne s\u00f6yledi\u011finden \u00e7ok bizde neyi uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar\u0131z. Rousseau da b\u00f6yle bir isimdir. Kendi y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda kalmam\u0131\u015f gibidir; bug\u00fcn odam\u0131za s\u0131zar, masan\u0131n kenar\u0131na oturur ve insan\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu yeniden sordurur. Do\u011fa, toplum, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u2026 Onun dilinde bunlar kuru felsefe kavramlar\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130nsan\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u00e7oktan yer etmi\u015f, eski ama dinmeyen bir s\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n adlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ard\u0131nda her zaman bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131r. Rousseau da bundan ayr\u0131 de\u011fildir. Belki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, en \u00e7ok o a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klarda ba\u015flar. Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f Rousseau\u2019yu reddetmez; onu daha geni\u015f bir zeminde yeniden okur. Eksik b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere girer, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc daraltmak yerine \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Rousseau\u2019ya g\u00f6re insan do\u011fada saf, toplum i\u00e7inde yaral\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk duyuldu\u011funda hem teselli eden hem de huzursuz eden bir fikirdir bu. \u0130nsana bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 verir, sonra o ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n kayb\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Fakat insan\u0131 sadece bozulmu\u015f bir varl\u0131k gibi g\u00f6rmek de, onu do\u011fu\u015ftan iyili\u011fe yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f temiz bir sayfa gibi okumak da eksik kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fa, insan\u0131n ham maddesidir. Ham olan \u015fey de\u011fersiz de\u011fildir; i\u00e7inde hen\u00fcz a\u00e7\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir imk\u00e2n ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130nsan \u00e7evresiyle, deneyimiyle, dokundu\u011fu ve dokunuldu\u011fu her \u015feyle \u015fekillenir. Daha derinde ise kendi kendine yetmeyen bu varl\u0131k, Yaradan\u2019la kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde tamamlan\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in tek bir ba\u015flang\u0131ca bakmak yetmez; onun i\u00e7indeki hareketi, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6rmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme de buradan yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Rousseau, bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortak iyili\u011fe ba\u011flar. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir fikirdir bu; insana biraz mahcubiyet de hissettirir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc birey \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten s\u00f6z ederken kendi rahat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, sonra da buna hak ad\u0131n\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n
Rousseau\u2019nun \u201cgenel irade\u201d kavram\u0131 burada \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Genel irade, tek tek ki\u015filerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 de\u011fildir; toplumun ortak iyili\u011fe y\u00f6nelen akl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan kendi dar arzusunu a\u015farak bu ortak iyiye kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Rousseau\u2019ya g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bi\u00e7imine yakla\u015f\u0131r. Bu fikir, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc keyf\u00ee davran\u0131\u015ftan ay\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, insan\u0131n istedi\u011fini s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zca yapmas\u0131 de\u011fil, kendisini daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fczenin sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde kurmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi toplum s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaz. \u0130nsan yaln\u0131zca yurtta\u015f de\u011fildir; varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olan bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Toplumla yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin arkas\u0131nda daha derin bir ba\u011f vard\u0131r: insan\u0131n do\u011fayla, zamanla, vicdanla, Yaradan\u2019la ve kendi i\u00e7 sesiyle kurdu\u011fu ba\u011f. Rousseau\u2019da genel irade toplumsal d\u00fczenin ahlaki merkezidir. Panlektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede ise bu merkez daha geni\u015fler; ortak iyi, varolu\u015fun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle uyum aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan bunu her zaman fark etmez. Fark etmemesi, ili\u015fkinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, yurtta\u015f\u0131n hakk\u0131 kadar varolu\u015fun ritmiyle uyum kurabilme becerisidir. \u0130nsan kendi i\u00e7 sesiyle evrenin sesi aras\u0131nda derin bir \u00e7atlak ya\u015fam\u0131yorsa, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n
Rousseau\u2019nun e\u015fitsizlik ele\u015ftirisi bug\u00fcn de yank\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korur. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin do\u011faya vurulmu\u015f a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, insan\u0131n kendi kurdu\u011fu d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Fakat e\u015fitsizlik yaln\u0131zca tarihsel bir mesele de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar ayn\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya gelir, ama ayn\u0131 yerden ba\u015flamaz. Her biri ba\u015fka bir imk\u00e2nla, ba\u015fka bir eksiklikle, ba\u015fka bir y\u00fckle y\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Adalet, herkesi ayn\u0131 kal\u0131ba sokarak kurulamaz. As\u0131l mesele, her varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi potansiyeline uygun bir zemin bulabilmesidir. B\u00f6yle bak\u0131nca \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, d\u0131\u015f engellerin kalkmas\u0131ndan ibaret kalmaz; i\u00e7teki imk\u00e2n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u0130nsan bazen zincirlerinden de\u011fil, kendisine bi\u00e7ilen dar anlamdan kurtulmak ister.<\/p>\n
Rousseau\u2019nun do\u011faya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 da bu y\u00fczden de\u011ferlidir. Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131, medeniyetten ka\u00e7ma iste\u011fi gibi okunursa eksik kal\u0131r. Orada daha \u00e7ok bir ar\u0131nma, sadele\u015fme, insan\u0131n kendi \u00f6z sesine yakla\u015fma arzusu vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f do\u011fay\u0131 yaln\u0131zca s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131lacak bir yer olarak g\u00f6rmez. Do\u011fa, anlam\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi canl\u0131 bir aland\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131n, suyun, r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n, mevsimlerin ve d\u00f6ng\u00fclerin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir dili vard\u0131r. Do\u011fa yaln\u0131zca bak\u0131larak anla\u015f\u0131lmaz; dinlenerek anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130nsan ona uzaktan bakan biri olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda manzara g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Biraz sustu\u011funda, biraz yava\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, do\u011fan\u0131n bir bilgi bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funu fark eder. O zaman do\u011fa romantik bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kendisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Emile\u2019deki e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da buradan yeniden okunabilir. Rousseau, \u00e7ocu\u011fun do\u011fas\u0131na uygun bir geli\u015fimden s\u00f6z ederken e\u011fitimin zorlamaktan \u00e7ok e\u015flik etmek oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk haz\u0131r kal\u0131plara sokulacak bir nesne de\u011fildir; kendi zaman\u0131, merak\u0131 ve i\u00e7 y\u00f6neli\u015fi olan canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6\u011fretmen, \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6n\u00fcne s\u00fcrekli cevap koyan biri olmaktan \u00e7ok, onun do\u011fru soruyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n
Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun eline bir ta\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Yeti\u015fkin hemen \u201cBu ta\u015ft\u0131r, serttir, yere d\u00fc\u015fer\u201d diyebilir. B\u00f6yle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilgi verir, ama \u00e7ocu\u011fun ke\u015ffini k\u0131salt\u0131r. Oysa \u00e7ocuk ta\u015f\u0131 tartar, yere b\u0131rak\u0131r, sesini dinler, ba\u015fka bir ta\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Merak \u00f6nce bedenden ge\u00e7er; el, g\u00f6z ve dikkat birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. E\u011fitim burada ba\u015flar. Bilgi d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan zorla y\u00fcklenmez; \u00e7ocu\u011fun kendi temas\u0131ndan do\u011far.<\/p>\n
Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f bu noktaya ilham ve anlam boyutunu ekler. \u00c7ocuk sadece bilgi alan bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir. \u0130\u00e7inde hen\u00fcz ad\u0131 konmam\u0131\u015f bir y\u00f6n ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130lham, o y\u00f6n\u00fcn ilk k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131l ise bu k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmadan, aceleye getirmeden bi\u00e7imlendiren g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Ger\u00e7ek e\u011fitim, ezberin sert d\u00fczeniyle de\u011fil, anlam\u0131n sabr\u0131yla kurulur. \u00d6\u011frenciye bir \u015fey y\u00fcklemekten \u00e7ok, onun i\u00e7inde belirmeyi bekleyen \u015feyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmak gerekir.<\/p>\n
Elbette kolay de\u011fildir bu. \u0130nsan kendisini bile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle tan\u0131rken, bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun i\u00e7indeki imk\u00e2n\u0131 nas\u0131l kolayca tan\u0131s\u0131n? Yine de e\u011fitimin g\u00fczelli\u011fi tam burada ba\u015flar. E\u011fitim, kesin bi\u00e7imde \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir heykeli ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak de\u011fildir; canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi bi\u00e7imini bulmas\u0131na dikkatle e\u015flik etmektir.<\/p>\n
Rousseau ile Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f birbirini d\u0131\u015flamaz. Rousseau insan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; Panlektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, o ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n evrenle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ar. Rousseau, insan\u0131n yaras\u0131n\u0131 ve safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 c\u00fcmlede tutar. Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f ise bu c\u00fcmlenin etraf\u0131na daha geni\u015f bir sessizlik yerle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan; toplumla, do\u011fayla, e\u011fitimle ve kendi i\u00e7 derinli\u011fiyle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmek zorundad\u0131r. Tek ba\u015f\u0131na kalan her tan\u0131m eksik kal\u0131r. Belki de hakikate yakla\u015fman\u0131n yolu, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc y\u0131kmak de\u011fil; onun b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden biraz daha y\u00fcr\u00fcmektir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman onun ne s\u00f6yledi\u011finden \u00e7ok bizde neyi uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar\u0131z. Rousseau da b\u00f6yle bir isimdir. Kendi y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda kalmam\u0131\u015f gibidir; bug\u00fcn odam\u0131za s\u0131zar, masan\u0131n kenar\u0131na oturur ve insan\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu yeniden sordurur. Do\u011fa, toplum, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u2026 Onun dilinde bunlar kuru felsefe kavramlar\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130nsan\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u00e7oktan yer etmi\u015f, eski ama dinmeyen bir s\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n adlar\u0131d\u0131r. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":68,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-varolusculuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}