Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6zlerini ilk kez d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Hen\u00fcz dili yoktur. Kurallar\u0131, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, toplumun ona verece\u011fi adlar\u0131 ve anlamlar\u0131 bilmez. Avucuna de\u011fen ta\u015f, y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7arpan r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc alan \u0131\u015f\u0131k onun i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bilgi de\u011fil, ilk temast\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz; hissedilir.<\/p>\n
John Locke\u2019un tabula rasa<\/em> dedi\u011fi \u201cbo\u015f levha\u201d fikri, insan zihnini b\u00f6yle bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7la anlat\u0131r. Locke\u2019a g\u00f6re zihin do\u011fu\u015ftan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilgilerle gelmez. \u0130nsan bilgiyi ya\u015fayarak, g\u00f6rerek, i\u015fiterek, dokunarak edinir. Epistemoloji<\/em>, yani bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen felsefe alan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Locke, bilgiyi g\u00f6kten inen haz\u0131r bir hakikat olarak de\u011fil, deneyimle kurulan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n G\u00fcndelik bir \u00f6rnek bunu daha a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Bir \u00e7ocuk ate\u015fe ilk kez yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hisseder, elini geri \u00e7eker ve ate\u015fin yak\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenir. Bu, Locke\u2019un deneyim merkezli bilgi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygundur. Bilgi burada duyularla ba\u015flar. Ac\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, temas ve tekrar zihinde bir iz b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n Panlektik bak\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 sahneye biraz daha derinden bakar. \u00c7ocuk ate\u015fi yaln\u0131zca duyular\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenmez; bedensel refleksleri, korkuya verdi\u011fi tepki, ailesinden duydu\u011fu uyar\u0131lar ve i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr de bu \u00f6\u011frenmeye kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle deneyim bo\u015f bir y\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015fmez. O y\u00fczeyin dokusu vard\u0131r. Genetik miras<\/em>, insan\u0131n biyolojik ge\u00e7mi\u015finden ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 yatk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131m<\/em>, aileden ve toplumdan gelen anlam kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131; do\u011fu\u015ftan e\u011filimler<\/em> ise insan\u0131n baz\u0131 \u015feylere daha kolay y\u00f6nelmesini ifade eder.<\/p>\n Locke\u2019un ampirist<\/em> \u00e7izgisi bilgiyi duyusal deneyime dayand\u0131r\u0131r. Ampirizm<\/em>, bilginin temel kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deneyimde arayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Panlektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 reddetmez; fakat onu tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli bulmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan yaln\u0131zca temas eden, g\u00f6ren ve i\u015fiten bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u011f kurar, sezer, yorumlar ve hayal eder.<\/p>\n Bir ku\u015fun kanat sesini duymak deneyimdir. O seste g\u00f6\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131lan bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck duygusu yakalamak sezgidir. Sezgi<\/em>, do\u011frudan kan\u0131tlanmadan kavranan i\u00e7sel fark edi\u015ftir. Ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme<\/em>, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurarak sonuca ula\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Hayal g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/em> ise mevcut olan\u0131 a\u015farak yeni anlam ihtimalleri kurar. Bu y\u00fczden bilgi yaln\u0131zca zihne eklenen par\u00e7alar toplam\u0131 de\u011fildir; insan\u0131n d\u00fcnya ile kurdu\u011fu canl\u0131 ili\u015fkinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ba\u011flam<\/em> burada belirleyici h\u00e2le gelir. Ba\u011flam, bir olay\u0131n veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ili\u015fki alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ate\u015f, bir \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in tehlike, bir anne i\u00e7in korunmas\u0131 gereken ocak, bir filozof i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn simgesi olabilir. Deneyim ayn\u0131d\u0131r; anlam, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fir. Panlektik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n Locke\u2019a ekledi\u011fi temel nokta budur: Bilgi, deneyimle ba\u015flar; fakat deneyimi kar\u015f\u0131layan yap\u0131, anlam\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n Locke\u2019un do\u011fal haklar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da insan\u0131 merkeze alan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir zemine sahiptir. Do\u011fal haklar<\/em>, insan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca insan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sahip kabul edildi\u011fi temel haklard\u0131r: ya\u015fam, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve m\u00fclkiyet. Locke\u2019a g\u00f6re devletin temel g\u00f6revi bu haklar\u0131 korumakt\u0131r. Birey, iktidar\u0131n keyfine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir; dokunulmaz bir hak alan\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n Panlektik ufukta bu haklar daha geni\u015f bir varolu\u015f d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130nsan hak sahibidir; fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131yan bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f bir serbestlik de\u011fil, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken di\u011fer varl\u0131klar\u0131n alan\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetme bilincidir. \u0130nsan kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurarken do\u011fayla, toplumla ve evrensel d\u00fczenle ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n Locke\u2019un toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/em> teorisi, insanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in ortak bir siyasal d\u00fczen kurdu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bireylerin g\u00fcvenlik ve d\u00fczen i\u00e7in baz\u0131 yetkileri ortak bir otoriteye devretmesi fikridir. Panlektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bu fikri yaln\u0131zca insanlar aras\u0131 bir hukuk anla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmez. \u0130nsan, do\u011fayla, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle, gelecek ku\u015faklarla ve varolu\u015fun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de sessiz bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n Burada kozmik uyum<\/em> kavram\u0131 devreye girer. Kozmik uyum, evrendeki par\u00e7alar\u0131n birbirini yok etmeden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015fleyi\u015fe kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan da bu i\u015fleyi\u015fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duran ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir merkez de\u011fildir. Bilen, se\u00e7en ve eyleyen bir varl\u0131k olarak b\u00fct\u00fcne etki eder. Bu nedenle hak, sorumluluktan kopar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eksik kal\u0131r; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck de y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kaybedebilir.<\/p>\n Locke, modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye insan zihnini ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 berrak bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sundu. Panlektik yakla\u015f\u0131m bu berrakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha geni\u015f bir ufka ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130nsan deneyimle \u015fekillenir; fakat deneyimi kar\u015f\u0131layan bedensel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sezgisel dokular da vard\u0131r. Bilgi g\u00f6zlemle ba\u015flar, fakat ba\u011flamla derinle\u015fir. Hak bireyi korur, fakat birey de varolu\u015fun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece Locke\u2019un bo\u015f levhas\u0131, Panlektik ufukta b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bo\u015f bir y\u00fczey olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00dczerine yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131lmay\u0131 bekleyen, fakat damarlar\u0131 \u00e7oktan olu\u015fmu\u015f bir y\u00fczeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u0130nsan o y\u00fczeye yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n izlerini almaz; kendi varolu\u015funun dokusuyla o izlere bi\u00e7im de verir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6zlerini ilk kez d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Hen\u00fcz dili yoktur. Kurallar\u0131, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, toplumun ona verece\u011fi adlar\u0131 ve anlamlar\u0131 bilmez. Avucuna de\u011fen ta\u015f, y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7arpan r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc alan \u0131\u015f\u0131k onun i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bilgi de\u011fil, ilk temast\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz; hissedilir. John Locke\u2019un tabula rasa dedi\u011fi \u201cbo\u015f levha\u201d fikri, insan zihnini b\u00f6yle bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7la anlat\u0131r. Locke\u2019a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-varolusculuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}