Panlektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede bilgi, elde tutulup saklanan sabit bir hazine gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bilgi, s\u0131nand\u0131k\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131lan, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a derinle\u015fen ve farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda yeniden anlam kazanan canl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Hakikat b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr; fakat insan alg\u0131s\u0131 onu \u00e7o\u011fu zaman par\u00e7al\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden bilgi, tek \u00e7izgide ilerleyen kapal\u0131 bir yap\u0131dan \u00e7ok, farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yo\u011funlu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015fen katmanl\u0131 bir olu\u015fumdur.<\/p>\n
Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda bir iddian\u0131n hakikate ne kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 katmanl\u0131 bir s\u0131nama gerekir: \u00f6zvarl\u0131k, ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve kesinlik.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk katman, bir iddian\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde ayakta kal\u0131p kalamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yoklar. Temel soru \u015fudur: Bu iddia, insan\u0131n ki\u015fisel tercihinden, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ya da ge\u00e7ici kanaatinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir zemine dayan\u0131yor mu? Kendi i\u00e7inde \u00e7eli\u015fmeden varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebiliyor mu?<\/p>\n
\u00d6zvarl\u0131k ilkesi, bilginin yaln\u0131zca \u00f6znel bir yorum olarak kalmamas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bir \u00f6nerme, \u00f6nce kendi i\u00e7 d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde s\u0131nan\u0131r. Kavramlar birbirini ta\u015f\u0131yor mu, yoksa bir noktada kendi anlam\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131yor mu? \u0130ddian\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle kendi varl\u0131k gerek\u00e7esi, ger\u00e7ekten sa\u011flam m\u0131?<\/p>\n
Burada Wittgenstein\u2019\u0131n \u201cdil oyunlar\u0131\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatan bir y\u00f6n vard\u0131r. Kavramlar\u0131n hangi dilsel zemin i\u00e7inde anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. Ancak Panlektik sorgulama, yaln\u0131zca dilsel tutarl\u0131l\u0131kla yetinmez. Kavram\u0131n kendi i\u00e7 dengesine, istikrar\u0131na ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fine de bakar. Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, bi\u00e7imsel olarak d\u00fczg\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir; fakat i\u00e7eride ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerilim onu zamanla \u00e7\u00f6kertebilir.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle \u00f6zde\u015flik, tutarl\u0131l\u0131k ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Bir arg\u00fcman kendi kendisiyle \u00e7eli\u015fiyorsa, anlam bo\u015fluklar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorsa ya da temel kavramlar\u0131 birbirini desteklemiyorsa ilk s\u0131namada zay\u0131flar. \u00d6zvarl\u0131k katman\u0131, bilginin insandan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe yaslanma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7er.<\/p>\n
Bir iddian\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 olmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. Bilgi, ba\u015fka bilgilerle temas etti\u011finde ger\u00e7ek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. Ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k katman\u0131, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin daha geni\u015f bilgi a\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar.<\/p>\n
Her \u00f6nerme, etraf\u0131ndaki di\u011fer \u00f6nermelerle birlikte anlam kazan\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Panlektik yakla\u015f\u0131m, Quine\u2019\u0131n a\u011fsal epistemoloji anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yak\u0131nl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir bilgi tek ba\u015f\u0131na bo\u015flukta durmaz. Bir fikir, ba\u015fka fikirlerle kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fki sayesinde g\u00fc\u00e7lenir, s\u0131nan\u0131r ve bazen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bu katmanda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin farkl\u0131 disiplinlerle nas\u0131l temas kurdu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bir etik ilke psikolojiyle, hukukla ya da sanatla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 anlam\u0131n\u0131 koruyor mu? Bir fizik teorisi matematikle uyumlu oldu\u011fu kadar felsefi d\u00fczeyde de ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 bir zemin sunuyor mu? Bir toplumsal tez, tarihsel deneyimle ve insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u011f kurabiliyor mu?<\/p>\n
Ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, bilginin ili\u015fkisel dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kendi i\u00e7inde sa\u011flam duran bir iddia, ba\u015fka alanlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yorsa hakikate yakla\u015fma g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k farkl\u0131 bilgi alanlar\u0131nda yank\u0131 bulabilen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, daha geni\u015f bir ger\u00e7eklik alan\u0131na temas eder.<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc katman, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile temas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131nar. Bir \u00f6nerme kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 ve di\u011fer bilgilerle uyumlu olabilir; fakat ger\u00e7eklikte bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmuyorsa eksik kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kesinlik katman\u0131, iddian\u0131n olgusal, deneysel ve tarihsel verilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerde oldu\u011fu gibi g\u00f6zlem, deney, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve vaka analizleri burada belirleyici h\u00e2le gelir. Bir fizik teorisi laboratuvarda; sosyolojik bir tez saha verilerinde; etik bir \u00f6nerme ise pratik hayatta s\u0131nan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu katman, Popper\u2019\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015flanabilirlik ilkesini hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Bir iddia s\u0131nanmaya a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011filse, kendi g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini de g\u00f6steremez. Panlektik yakla\u015f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bilgi, yaln\u0131zca do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bilgi de\u011fil; yeni g\u00f6zlemler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da \u00e7\u00f6kmeyen bilgidir.<\/p>\n
Kesinlik burada mutlakl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelmez. Tek bir deney, tek bir g\u00f6zlem ya da tek bir tarihsel \u00f6rnek hakikatin tamam\u0131n\u0131 vermez. Par\u00e7alar bir araya geldi\u011finde, yeni verilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve farkl\u0131 s\u0131namalardan ge\u00e7erek ayakta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hakikate yakla\u015fma derecesi artar.<\/p>\n
Panlektik epistemolojide as\u0131l soru \u201cMutlak bilgiye sahip miyiz?\u201d de\u011fildir. Daha yerinde soru \u015fudur: Hakikate ne kadar yakla\u015fabiliyoruz?<\/p>\n
\u00d6zvarl\u0131k, bilginin kendi temelini ve i\u00e7 tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131nar. Ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, onun ba\u015fka bilgilerle kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkide ayakta kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kesinlik ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ger\u00e7eklikte kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulup bulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yoklar.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00fc\u00e7 katman birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilgi, tek bir iddian\u0131n dar alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar. Daha geni\u015f, daha diren\u00e7li ve daha derin bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Hakikat b\u00f6l\u00fcnmezdir; fakat insan ona \u00e7o\u011fu zaman par\u00e7alar \u00fczerinden yakla\u015f\u0131r. Panlektik y\u00f6ntem, bu par\u00e7alar\u0131 rastgele toplamaya de\u011fil, aralar\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bilginin de\u011feri de burada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131ysa, ba\u015fka bilgilerle ba\u011f kurabiliyorsa ve ger\u00e7eklik kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fcyorsa hakikate yakla\u015f\u0131r. Panlektik epistemoloji, kesinli\u011fi donmu\u015f bir sonu\u00e7 olarak de\u011fil, s\u0131namalardan ge\u00e7erek g\u00fc\u00e7lenen bir yak\u0131nla\u015fma s\u00fcreci olarak ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Ger\u00e7e\u011fi Yakalaman\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7 Katman\u0131: Panlektik Epistemolojide Derinle\u015fen Bir Yakla\u015f\u0131m Panlektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede bilgi, elde tutulup saklanan sabit bir hazine gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bilgi, s\u0131nand\u0131k\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131lan, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a derinle\u015fen ve farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda yeniden anlam kazanan canl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Hakikat b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr; fakat insan alg\u0131s\u0131 onu \u00e7o\u011fu zaman par\u00e7al\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden bilgi, tek \u00e7izgide ilerleyen kapal\u0131 bir yap\u0131dan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":115,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-114","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=114"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/114\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/115"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cemalkara.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}